discuss the influences effect the community development

INTRODUCTION

Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. Community wellbeing (economic, social, environmental and cultural) often evolves from this type of collective action being taken at a grassroots level. Community development ranges from small initiatives within a small group to large initiatives that involve the broader community.

Community

Often when we think of community, we think in geographic terms. Our community is the city, town or village where we live. When community is defined through physical location, it has precise boundaries that are readily understood and accepted by others. Defining communities in terms of geography, however, is only one way of looking at them. Communities can also be defined by common cultural heritage, language, and beliefs or shared interests. These are sometimes called communities of interest. Even when community does refer to a geographic location, it doesn’t always include everyone within the area. For example, many Aboriginal communities are part of a larger non-Aboriginal geography. In larger urban centres, communities are often defined in terms of particular neighbourhoods.

Development

The term “development” often carries an assumption of growth and expansion. During the industrial era, development was strongly connected to increased speed, volume and size. However, many people are currently questioning the concept of growth for numerous reasons – a realization that more isn’t always better, or an increasing respect for reducing outside dependencies and lowering levels of consumerism. So while the term “development” may not always mean growth, it always imply change.

THE EFACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Leadership:

Traditionally, within psychology, leadership has been defined as a specific trait, competency, or ability that an individual can possess. Still, even though this broad definition has been allowed and leadership continues to be a strong area of development and research, the dimensions and definition of the concept remains unclear (Pfeffer,

Continuity:

The unbroken and consistent existence or operation of something over time, the maintenance of continuous action and self-consisten

Finance:

Finance is a term describing the study and system of money, investments, and other financial instruments. Some people prefer to divide finance into three distinct categories: public finance, corporate finance, and personal finance. There is also the recently emerging area of social finance. Behavioral finance seeks to identify the cognitive (e.g. emotional, social, and psychological) reasons behind financial decisions.

THE WORLD GLOBAL MAJOR VEGATATION

1. There is a set of "forest vegetation" bionics, which have a dense, closed canopy of trees. If you stand and look upwards in a forest, you see few large gaps between the crowns of the trees, which tend to overlap and interlock with one another. Forest biomes include tropical rainforest, temperate evergreen forest, temperate deciduous forest, and cold climate conifer forest (also called "boreal conifer" and "taiga") ( Figures 2.5a, 2.6*, 2.7*).

2. "Woodland" biomes arc rather like forest but with a more open canopy, with significant gaps between individual trees so that their crowns often do not touch. These include Mediterranean woodland, tropical dry woodland, and boreal woodland. A typical sort of definition of woodland would be that less than 70% of the canopy above is trees, with the rest being open sky (Figure 2.5b).

3. "Shrub" or "scrub" biomes have low woody plants, usually with a rather gnarled appearance and multiple stems instead of a single trunk. They include temperate semi-arid scrub, tropical semi-arid scrub, Mediterranean scrub (garrigue) (Figures 2.5c, 2.8*).

4. "Grasslands" look rather like a lawn or meadow both of which are human creations except that these are natural, not cultivated. For example, in the category of grasslands there are the savannas in the tropics, steppe or prairie in the temperate zones, and grassy tundra in very cold climates. Sometimes there may be an open scattering of trees or shrubs (Figures 2.5d, 2.9*, 2.10*).

5. "Desert" bionics are distinguished mainly by lack of vegetation, with differing degrees of openness, or even no vegetation at all. Semi-desert is a sort of transitional open scrub or open grassland, whereas "true" desert has almost no vegetation. People tend to imagine that most deserts arc sandy—in fact, more often they are covered by stones or bare rock (Figures 2.5e, 2.11*, 2.12, 2.14*. 2.15).

Figure 2.5. General form of vegetation: (a) forest, (b) woodland, (c) scrub, (d) grassland, (e) desert.

Figure 2.5. General form of vegetation: (a) forest, (b) woodland, (c) scrub, (d) grassland, (e) desert.

Figure 2.6. Tropical rainforest. Malaysia. Source: Author.

Figure 2.7. Cold climate conifer forest, mountains of California. Source: Author.

Figure 2.8. Evergreen oak scrub, southeastern Iran. Source. Kamran Zcndchdcl.

Figure 2.9. Grassland, California. Source: Author.

Figure 2.10. Tundra, above trecline in the Andes, Chile. Source: Margie Mayfield.

Figure 2.11. Semi-desert, Mohave Desert, Arizona. Source: Claus Holzaplel.

Figure 2.12. Semi-desert, Iran. Source: Kamran Zendehdel.

CHARACTERISTIC AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR WORLD VEGATION TYPE

There are many approaches for the classification of vegetation (physiognomy, flora, ecology, etc.). Much of the work on vegetation classification comes from European and North American ecologists, and they have fundamentally different approaches. In North America, vegetation types are based on a combination of the following criteria: climate pattern, plant habit, phenology and/or growth form, and dominant species. In the current US standard (adopted by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), and originally developed by UNESCO and The Nature Conservancy), the classification is hierarchical and incorporates the non-floristic criteria into the upper (most general) five levels and limited floristic criteria only into the lower (most specific) two levels. In Europe, classification often relies much more heavily, sometimes entirely, on floristic (species) composition alone, without explicit reference to climate, phenology or growth forms. It often emphasizes indicator or diagnostic species which may distinguish one classification from another.

In the FGDC standard, the hierarchy levels, from most general to most specific, are: system, class, subclass, group, formation, alliance, and association. The lowest level, or association, is thus the most precisely defined, and incorporates the names of the dominant one to three (usually two) species of a type. An example of a vegetation type defined at the level of class might be "Forest, canopy cover > 60%"; at the level of a formation as "Winter-rain, broad-leaved, evergreen, sclerophyllous, closed-canopy forest"; at the level of alliance as "Arbutus menziesii forest"; and at the level of association as "Arbutus menziesii-Lithocarpus densiflora forest", referring to Pacific madrone-tanoak forests which occur in California and Oregon, USA. In practice, the levels of the alliance and/or association are the most often used, particularly in vegetation mapping, just as the Latin binomial is most often used in discussing particular species in taxonomy and in general communication.

REFERENCE

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Beard J.S. (1978). The Physiognomic Approach. In: R. H. Whittaker (editor). Classification of     Plant Communities, pp 33-64,.

Eiten, G. 1992. How names are used for vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:419-424. link.

Walter, B. M. T. (2006). Fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado: síntese terminológica e relações          florísticas. Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de Brasília, p. 10, "Archived copy" (PDF).      Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2016-08-26..

Burrows, Colin J. (1990). Processes of vegetation change. London: Unwin Hyman. p. 1.   ISBN 0045800138.

Introduction to California Plant Life; Robert Ornduff, Phyllis M. Faber, Todd Keeler-Wolf; 2003            ed.; p. 112

Thurmann, J. (1849). Essai de Phytostatique appliqué à la chaîne du Jura et aux contrées voisines. Berne: Jent et Gassmann, [1] Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine..